In this article, we will examine the working principle of superconducting materials, which are indispensable materials of new generation technology and which are still studied in depth. Let's start at the beginning of the story. In 1908, Dutch physicist Heike Onnes succeeded in liquefying helium gas at 542.15 K (-269 °C), paving the way for his new discovery. In 1911, he observed that by cooling solid mercury with liquid helium, the electrical resistance of mercury dropped to zero at 4.2 K (-269.95 °C). In other words, there is no loss in the conductivity of mercury. This state is called superconductivity. We explain this phenomenon with quantum mechanics instead of classical mechanics. When we think of a normal conductive material, in the outermost orbit of the metals, this orbit is also called the valence shell. While the electrons that provide the electric current are traveling through the material, they collide with other atoms, causing the materia...
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