Skip to main content

The Thermodynamic Laws of the Universe on Heat, Energy, Work

 

Thermodynamics is a common interest in physics and engineering. While physics studies the most fundamental questions of thermodynamics, the engineering field provides the development of mechanical systems suitable for the answers to these questions. If we look at the definition of thermodynamics;

Thermodynamics examines the concepts such as heat, temperature, energy, work in macroscopic structures (in certain cases also in microscopic structures) and their relationship with each other, and the movement of heat under various forces.

There are four laws of thermodynamics:

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

The zeroth law, which emerged after the three laws that came after it, reveals the most basic equilibrium rule of the universe and answers the question of what is temperature. According to this law, when we measure object A and object B with a thermometer, if they are in thermal equilibrium, that is, if there is no heat exchange between them, if there is no heat exchange in substance C when we contact substance C, whose temperature we do not know, with object A or object B, we can easily say that the temperature is equal between these three.

If we formulate it; 

 A = B ∧ B = C ⟹ A = C

First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics tells us that the energy in the universe will never be lost, even if it changes for various reasons. If we think of the universe as a closed system, the energy existing in the universe cannot be destroyed, and nonexistent energy cannot be created. Energies can be converted into each other, provided that they are conserved. 

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law tells us the direction of energy flow. According to this law, there is no flow from low energy to high energy, so to give an example, heat from hot water with high energy flows towards cold water with lower energy. The direction of the energy flow creates the concept of entropy. In the following sections, we will have an article where we will explain the details of the concept of entropy and its relationship with time, but if we talk about it briefly, entropy is going from less order to more complex. Entropy always tends to increase. If the entropy of a system is zero, it means that there is no disorder in that system, and it says that work done in the process is reversible, that is, it can return to its original state. If the entropy is in the positive direction, it says that the disorder is increasing and the work done in the system cannot be reversed.

Third Law of Thermodynamics


The third law says that if you constantly lower the temperature of a system, you can lower it to the maximum absolute zero, 0 Kelvin, or -273.15 degrees Celsius. This law, which tells us that entropy can decrease in the second law, actually states that absolute zero is the lowest limit that can be reduced in nature. Below this limit, there is no temperature. In order to achieve this, infinite energy and infinite time are needed.



Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Statement of Bell's Inequality

 One of the most important applications of quantum mechanics is Bell's inequality. In 1965, John Stewart Bell actually thought that Einstein might be right and tried to prove it, but proved that quantum logic violated classical logic. It was a revolutionary discovery. Let's look at its mathematically simple explanation. To create the analogy, let's first write a classical inequality.   This inequality above is a classic expression. The quantum analogy of this expression represents the Bell inequality. With just one difference. Bell's inequality shows that the above equation is violated. Expressing Bell's inequality by skipping some complicated mathematical intermediates; While there is no such situation in the classical world that will violate the inequality we mentioned at the beginning, it is difficult to find a situation that does not violate this inequality in the quantum world. Reference https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMyWl6Pq904 https://slideplay...
1 comment
Read more

Bloch Sphere – Geometric Representation of Quantum State

    It is very difficult to visualize quantum states before our eyes. The Bloch sphere represents quantum state functions quite well. The Bloch sphere is named after physicist Felix Bloch. As you can see in the Bloch sphere figure below, it geometrically shows the pure states of two-level quantum mechanical systems. The poles of the Bloch sphere consist of bits |0⟩ and |1⟩. Classically, the point on the sphere indicates either 0 or 1. However, from a quantum mechanics point of view, quantum bits contain possibilities to be found on the entire surface of the sphere. Traditionally, the z-axis represents the |0⟩ qubit, and the z-axis the |1⟩ qubit. When the wave function in superposition is measured, the state function collapses to one of the two poles no matter where it is on the sphere. The probability of collapsing into either pole depends on which pole the vector representing the qubit is closest to. The angle θ that the vector makes with the z-axis determines this probabilit...
1 comment
Read more

Let's Define Quantum Programming

    Along with the strange discoveries of quantum physics, one of these ideas for how we could use it is quantum computers. Work on quantum computers, which is a pretty good idea, started small and became what it is today. Now we had to take one more step and do quantum programming. The first studies on this process were made in the early 2000s. However, these studies were more theoretical. This was because quantum computers were not yet technologically ready. Finally, with the serious development of quantum computers (of course, we are still not at the desired point) we started to create our quantum algorithms. Today, we can do these algorithms on IBM Quantum Experience, Microsoft Azure Quantum, DWave Leap Cloud, or with quantum development kits. With these platforms, most of which are open source, we can create our quantum algorithms with the Python language, which we use classically and which is the most common programming language. The fact that such platforms are open sou...
2 comments
Read more